https://www.ibiology.org/ecology/apex-predators/ Overview: The Ecological Function of Apex Predators (Part 1): Studying food webs allows ecologists to understand the role of apex predators in their environments. Apex predators: Sea otters and kelp forests (Part 2): By eating sea urchins, sea otters increase the growth of kelp. Kelp, in turn, provides habitat for many species and reduces atmospheric CO2 via photosynthesis. Apex predators around the world (Part 3): Estes discusses apex predators in three ecosystems: grey wolves in boreal forests, African carnivores in the savanna, and great sharks in coastal estuaries. Detailed description: A food web is a network of linked consumer-prey interactions. The apex predators in food webs are typically large animals that feed on other species but have no predators themselves. In his first lecture, Dr. James Estes goes over concepts that can be used to understand the effects of apex predators on their environment. To investigate these interactions, scientists look for “perturbations” that result in a change in the number of apex predators. Perturbations could be due to natural events such as disease, or human activities such as hunting. By comparing ecosystems with or without apex predators, ecologists can determine the direct and indirect impact of these animals on their environments. In the second lecture, Estes explains the ecological role of sea otters in coastal ecosystems. By studying a simplified food web that includes sea otters (as apex predators), sea urchins, and kelp, he and his colleagues found that as otter populations increase, urchin numbers decrease and, consequently, kelp becomes more abundant. Kelp is a foundation species providing habitat and food for many other organisms. In addition, kelp undergoes photosynthesis, which removes atmospheric carbon dioxide. Thus, sea otters, through their food web or trophic interactions, can have huge economical and environmental consequences! For his third lecture, Estes discusses studies of apex predators in three different ecosystems around the world: grey wolves in boreal forests, large African carnivores in tropical savannas, and great sharks in coastal estuaries. In all three systems, perturbations of the apex predator population resulted in cascades of trophic interactions with far-reaching and, sometimes unexpected, indirect effects on other species and ecological processes. For example, changes in the number of wolves in Yellowstone National Park impacted both the number of young trees in the park and elsewhere, may be linked to the prevalence of Lyme disease. Speaker Biography: Dr. James Estes is a Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California Santa Cruz. He completed his undergraduate degree in zoology at the University of Minnesota, a M.S. in biology at Washington State University, and a PhD in biology and statistics at the University of Arizona. Estes is known for his pioneering studies on the role of sea otters in coastal ecosystems. In recognition of his work, Estes has received the U.S. Geological Survey’s Schumaker Award for Excellence in Science Communication, the Western Society of Naturalists’ Lifetime Achievement Award, and the American Society of Mammalogists’ C. Hart Merriam Award for excellence in research. He is a Pew Fellow in Marine Conservation. Estes was named a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 1999 and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2014. Learn more about Dr. Estes at http://werc.ucsc.edu/Estes/Estes_dk.html